Hi Moiz,

16: This question is a completely hypothetical situation that is challenging your definition of sense vs. antisense, which is naturally DNA and RNA. The concept here though, is template vs. copy. So, yes, the mRNA here since it is a template of the oligonucleotide to be created, can be considered a "sense" strand.

24: Good question. This is the concept behind model organisms. Yes, there are definitely differences in their physiology compared to ours, but its much less expensive, and have less ethical considerations when testing on rodents vs. humans. In general, there are pretty great translational data that we can obtain from model organisms that are not human. In fact, all drugs that go through human testing has to go through animal models first, and not just one, if I remember correctly, before it can be tested in humans (to ensure safety/efficacy).

27: All viruses are slightly different from one another. In the case of bacteriophages, they will only inject DNA/RNA.

32: For this question, its asking what does the stimulus frequency simulate. It is closer to an AP than the release of AcH since AcH is a neurotransmitter and an electric pulse is more similar to an AP than release of neurotransmitter.

38: The passage states that HCAP 18 is truncated to form LL37. The gel indicates molecular weight on the side, and therefore it can be deduced that the lower band with the lower molecular weight is LL37.

41: I'm not quite sure of your question here... I'll go through how I eliminated the answers. The options available are 1. Pro-inflammatory that prevents inflammation which is false because that's opposite of what it should do. 2. Pro-inflammatory that antagonizes inflammation which is false because it says its acting antagonistically, and with two pro-infalmmatory, nothing is antagonistic. 3. states anti-inflammatory that is synergistic to pro inflammatory and that's not correct since you can't have synergy between pro and anti. Which leaves 4 (D) the correct answer, which is anti-inflammatory that antagonizes pro-inflammatory. I hope that's helpful.

56: The negative in the gel does not denote removing cAMP, but states none is added. The (+) for the cAMP is when cAMP levels are artificially elevated through addition.

57: The intermediates are not enzymes; they are molecules made by the enzymes. Looking at the chart, and knowing all 4 colonies inhibit one enzyme each, it can be deduced that the colony with the results most similar to the WT would be the one that has an inhibition on the first step (as all subsequent additions of substrates would product product). Therefore, we start with precursor D. In other words, if given substrate D, the colony could not survive at all since its the first enzyme that is inhibited but given all other substrates, the colony could survive. Using the same logic, we will find that the next most similar to WT is 4 which shows C as (-), which indicates that when given anything except intermediates C and D, it will bypass the first two enzyme inhibitions to form the correct product. If you follow this reasoning, you will get to B as the final intermediate.

Hope this helps,

Molly